DocumentsDate added
Research article:- Pediatrics
Basavaraj M Patil1*, Sandeep V H2, Harish G3, Venaktesh M Patil4 & Vijayanath.V5
1Associate professor,2Assistant professor,3Resident, Dept of pediatrics, M R medical college, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.
4Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology,Navodaya Medical College,Raichur,Karnataka,India.
5Associate Professor,Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, VMKV Medical College & Hospital,Salem, Tamil Nadu,India.
Abstract:-
As per UNAIDS in 2006 estimated that there were 5.6 million people living with HIV in India, which indicated that there were more people with HIV in India than in any other country globally. In 2007, following the initial stage of HIV among the general population, UNAIDS and NACO agreed on a new estimate between 2 million and 3.1 million people living with HIV. And in 2008 the figure was estimated to be 2.31 million. Similarly in 2009 it was estimated that 2.4 million people were living with HIV in India, which equates to a prevalence of 0.3%. Whereas this may seem low, because India's population is so large, it is third in the world in terms of greatest number of people living with HIV. With a population of around a billion, a mere 0.1% increase in HIV prevalence would increase the estimated number of people living with HIV by over half a million. Throughout the world, the number of children younger than 15 yrs living with HIV has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.5million in 2009. Whereas the number of newly infected children has been declining since 2003 due to increasing access to PPTCT services. And in 2009 similarly, alone, worldwide, 3, 70,000 children under the age of 15 yrs were newly infected, of which 90% were acquired through mother to child transmission of HIV, i.e. Around 1000 a day and 2, 60,000 died the majority under the age of 5. INDIA has, with 27 million pregnancies annually, and estimated HIV prevalence of 0.48% in antenatal women, it is estimated that there are 1, 29,600 HIV-infected pregnant women annually. In South India Karnataka accounts for 0.50%. Whereas incidence of mother to child transmission is 5.4% as on Jan 2011 according to NACO annual report 2010-11. In the present study IUGR was noted in 14% of newborns born to HIV positive mothers and the incidence increased with lower CD4 count. At the same time preterm births were of 28% and low birth weight were noted in 36%. There were high incidence of still birth rate (4%) and Intrauterine death rate (4%) and have an inverse relationship with CD4 count. Follow up study done to know the somatic growth of the newborns revealed infected newborns were lighter and shorter when compared to exposed but uninfected newborns.HIV infection in pregnant mothers have adverse neonatal outcome and fetal complications. Perinatal transmission is the commonest mode of acquisition of paediatric HIV infection.
Keywords:- Mother; Infant; Infection.
References:-
1.UNAIDS. Report on the global AIDS epidemic'.2006.
2.UNAIDS.Press release: 2.5 million people in India living with HIV, according to new estimates. 2007.
3.UNAIDS.India: Country Situation. 2008.
4.UNAIDS.UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic. 2010.
5.Unaids-global report 2010
6.NACO-Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV infected adults and adolescents including post-exposure(Dateuploaded:29/08/2007.
7.Tripathi Pensi, HIV in children: clinical features and diagnosis, chapter 45, In Advances in paediatrics 2nd edition volume 1, editors-Anupam sachdeva, AK Dutta Page no:351-372
8.National guidelines for prevention of parent-to-child transmission(PPTCT) June 2012 National AIDS control organisation, India with support from WHO, UNICEF,UNAIDS.
9.Ellis et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is a risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 May;l 86(5):903-6.
Copyright © 2013 Basavaraj M Patil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case report:-Microbiology and pathology
Manisa Sahu1*, Prasanna Ku Satapathy2& Ranjita Panigrahi3
1Ex-Assistant Professor, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-25 & Consultant Microbiologist, S L Raheja Hospital, A Fortis Associate, Mahim (W), Mumbai-16.India.
2Professor, 3Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-25.India.
Abstract:- Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging threat in AIDS and other immune suppressed patients. When seen in histopathology sections of endoscopic biopsy specimen should raise a suspicion of underlying immune suppression, especially when stool examination is negative or not obtained at first. We report two cases of intestinal cryptosporidiosis diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy, one of whom was later found to be seropositive for HIV and the other was an operated case of cervical cancer.
Key Words:- Cryptosporidiosis, AIDS, endoscopic biopsy.
References:-
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2.Yezid Gutierrez. Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections: With Clinical Correlations Oxford University Press, Newyork 2nd edn. 2000:170.
3.S.V. Kulkarni, R. Kairon, S.S. Sane, P.S. Padmawar, V.A. Kale, M.R. Thakar et al. Opportunistic parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients presenting with diarrhoea by the level of immunesuppression. Indian J Med Res 2009 July; 130: 63-6.
4.Joshi M, Chowdhary AS, Dalal PJ, Maniar JK. Parasitic diarrhoea in patients with AIDS. Natl Med J India 2002; 15:72-4.
5.Agarwal A, Ningthouja S, Sharma D, Mohen Y, Singh NB.Cryptosporidium and HIV. J Indian Med Assoc 1998; 96: 276-7.
6.Ogata S, Sagunama T, Okada C, Inoue K, Kinoshita A, Sato K. A case of sporadic intestinal cryptosporidiosis diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy. Acta Med Okayama 2009; 63(5): 287-91.
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10.Greenberg PD, Koch J, Cello JP Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum in patients with severe diarrhea and AIDS. Dig Dis Sci. 1996 Nov; 41(11):2286-90.
11.Sreedharan, A., R. S. Jayshree, and H. Sridhar. 1996. Cryptosporidiosis among cancer patients: an observation. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 14:211–3.
Copyright © 2013 Manisa Sahu, Prasanna K Satapathy & Ranjita Panigrahi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Review article:- Orthodontics
Gupta Akshay1, Sharma Rakesh2, Kumar Piush3 & Chandra Pavan Kumar4
1PG Student (Orthodontics),2Professor,3Reader,4Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics &Dentofacial Orthopedics, I.T.S-C.D.S.R, Muradnagar Ghaziabad,India.
Abstract:- Many patients today are taking a range of medications and nutritional supplements that can influence orthodontic treatment. Any pharmacologic agent or supplement consumed by patients can reach the periodontal tissues through the circulation and thus interact with and influence a cell’s response to orthodontic forces. These agents may have the effect of potentiating or inhibiting tooth movement as well as exacerbating or reducing root resorption. Orthodontic treatment is based on the principle that when force is delivered to a tooth and thereby transmitted to the adjacent investing tissues, certain mechanical, chemical, and cellular events take place within these tissues, which allow for structural alterations and contribute to the movement of that tooth. Molecules present in drugs and nutrients consumed regularly by patients can reach the mechanically stressed paradental tissues through the circulation and interact with local target cells. The combined effect of mechanical forces and one or more of these agents may be inhibitory, additive, or synergistic. This article discusses in detail the various drugs that can bring about alterations in the desired orthodontic tooth movement.
Keywords:- Paradental tissues, pharmacological agent, periodontal tissues.
References:-
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3.Sandy JR, Harris M. Prostaglandins and tooth movement. Eur J Orthod 1984;6:175-82.
4.Mohammed AH, Tatakis DN, Dziak R. Leukotrienes in orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod 1989; 95:231-7.
5.Ishnan V, Davidovitch Z. The effect of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement. OrthodCraniofac Res 2006;9:163-71.
6.Arias OR, Marquez-Orozco MC. Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen: their effects on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2006;130:364-70.
7.Hellsing E, Hammarström L. The effects of pregnancy and fluoride on orthodontic tooth movements in rats. Eur J Orthod 1991;13:223-30.
8.Igar K, Adachi H, Mitani H, Shinoda H. Inhibitory effect of the topical administration of a bisphosphonate (risedronate) on root resorption incident to orthodontic tooth movement in rats. J Dent Res 1996;75:1644-9.
9.Dolce C, Vakani A, Archer L, Morris-Wiman JA, Holliday LS. Effects of echistatin and an RGD peptide on orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res 2003;82:682-6.
10.Collins MK, Sinclair PM. The local use of vitamin D to increase the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod 1988;94:278-84.
11.Kale S, Kocadereli I, Atila P, Asan E. Comparison of the effects of 1,25 -dehydroxycholecalciferol and prostaglandin E2 on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod 2004;125:607-14.
12.Kawakami M, Takamo-Yamamoto T. Local injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhanced bone formation for tooth stabilization after experimental tooth movements in rats. J of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2004;22:541-6.
13.Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. The effect of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement. OrthodCraniofac Res 2006;9:163-71.
14.Shirazi M, Dehpour AR, Jafari F. The effect of thyroid hormone on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. J ClinPediatr Dent 1999;23:259-64.
15.Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. The effect of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement. OrthodCraniofac Res 2006;9:163-71.
16.Madan MS, Liu ZJ, Gu GM, King GJ. Effects of human relaxin on orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal ligaments in rats. Am J Orthod 2007;131:8.e1-8.10.
17.Soma S, Iwamoto M, Higuchi Y, Kurisu K. Effects of continuous infusion of PTH on experimental tooth movement in rats. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14:546-54.
18.Kalia S, Melsen B, Verna C. Tissue reaction to orthodontic tooth movement in acute and chronic corticosteroid treatment. OrthodCraniofac Res 2004;7:26-34.
19.Shdayfat NB. Effects of drugs on periodontal tissue remodeling and clinical responses to orthodontic mechanotherapy. Pak Oral and Dental J 2011;31:379-88.
20.Karsten J, Hellsing E. Effect of phenytoin on periodontal tissues exposed to orthodontic force--an experimental study in rats. Br J Orthod 1997;24:209-15.
Copyright © 2013 Gupta Akshay et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:-Pharmacology
1Associate professor, Department of Pharmacology, 2Associate professor, Department of Anatomy, Jhalawar medical college, Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India.
Abstract:- Background:- There is great controversy about role of male sex hormone, testosterone, in Psychotic mental disorders like schizophrenia. This study assessed the effectiveness of testosterone in schizophrenic patients and probes how it modulates the action of standard anti-psychotic medication Chlorpromazine which is commonly used in Clinical Psychiatric practice. Methods, a. Design and Setting:- -Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Clinical study performed in collaboration with Department of Clinical Psychiatry from Feb 2003 to March 2004 in M.Y.H Hospital (Teaching hospital) associated with M.G.M. Medical College, Indore. b. Subjects - twelve patients aged 20 to 60 years diagnosed Schizophrenics according to ICD-10 Criteria who visited in outpatient department of psychiatry during study period. c. Interventions - Patients was treated with Oral Chlorpromazine 200 mg BD, half of the 12 patients also received single dose of testosterone esters 100mg intramuscularly with above-mentioned treatment .d. Outcome Measure - how symptomology in schizophrenic patients affected is measured by applying various valid psychiatric rating scales like Brief psychiatric Rating Score (BPRS) , Scale for assessment of positive symptom(SAPS), and Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) . Basal reading is followed by treatment intervention and then scales are used to measure the effect every week for 3 weeks. Paired‘t’ test is used for determining level of significance (p value) of intervention. Results: - Single dose of Testosterone 100 mg administered initially by I.M. route potentiated the reduction level in negative symptoms of schizophrenia by 115% in patients receiving chlorpromazine 200 mg. Conclusion:- In this study, Testosterone potentiated the effects of Chlorpromazine 200 mg, on general psychotic manifestations, positive symptoms and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, assessed on BPRS, SAPS and SANS scoring scales. The most significant is the effect on negative symptoms as measured by SANS.
Keywords:- Testosterone, Schizophrenia, Chlorpromazine.
References:-
1.Kaplan HI, sadock’s BJ, comprehensive Glossary of psychiatry and psychology .Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1995.
2.Brady N, McCain GC. Living with schizophrenia: a family perspective. Online J Issues Nurs 2004; 10:7.
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9.Eto K, Kimura H: The production of hydrogen sulfide is regulated by testosterone and S-Adenosyl-L-methionine in mouse brain. J Neurochem 2002 Oct; 83(1):80-6.
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13.58. O’Connor DB, Archer J, Hair WM, Wu FC. Exogenous testosterone, aggression, and mood in eugonadal and hypogonadal men. Physiol Behav 2002; 75:557–66.
Copyright © 2013 Vijaywargia Tarun & Sharma Gopal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:- Oral Pathology
Ashok V1*, Prashant Babaji2, Nagarathna S3, Dilip Dhamankar4, Kiran Keswani5 & Raghavendra M Shetty6.
1Professor & HOD, Department of Oral Pathology, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.
2Associate Professor, Department of Pedodontics,5Senior Lecturer Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vyas Dental College, Jodhpur, India.
3Professor , Department of Periodontics, Maharana Pratap Dental College, Gwalior, India.
4Professor & HOD, Department of Prasthodontics, NIMS Dental College, Jaipur, India.
6Professor, Department of Pedodontics, Chattisgarh Dental College, Rajanandagaon, India.
Abstract:- Syndecans are a family of integral membrane proteoglycans that participate in cell-matrix interactions and growth factor binding. The down regulation of syndecan-1 may offer the cell a possibility to detach and to invade. As the differentiation of cancer decreases, the expression of syndecan-1 also decreases. In our study we evaluated 63 cases of oral cancer for Syndecan-1 expression which comprised of 36 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma and 27 cases of verrucous carcinoma. It was seen that the syndecan-1 expression showed a definite down regulation in squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma. The staining intensity and percentage of positive cases decreased with increase in severity of squamous cell carcinoma.
Key words:- Squamous cell carcinoma, Syndecan-1, Verrucous carcinoma.
References:-
1.Bartold P M, Narayanan A S. Proteoglycans. Biology of the Periodontal Connective Tissues, Quintessence Publication.1998
2.Bernfield M et al. Biology of the syndecans. Annu. Rev Biochem.1992; 8: 365-93.
3.Soukka T et al. Reduction of syndecan-1 expression is associated with dysplastic oral epithelium. J Oral Pathol Med. 2000; 29: 308-13.
4.Jalkanen M, Rapraeger A, Saunders S et al. Cell surface Proteoglycan of Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells is shed by Cleavage of its Matrix – binding Ectodomain from its Membrane Associated Domain.J. Cel Biol. 1987; 105: 3087-96.
5.Inki P et al. Immunohistochemical localization of syndecan-1. In normal and Pathological Human uterine Cervix. J. Pathol.1994; 172: 349-55.
Copyright © 2013 Ashok V et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.